BIOS 251 A&P 1 Final Study Guide

*Spend extra time on the concepts that are in bold* Don’t forget to study the list of bones and bone features on the Lab Practicum Study Guide! Ch. 1 Homeostasis • Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment, and maintained by regulatory processes. • Survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid • Internal conditions are in a dynamic equilibrium; set point (like thermostat in house) • Essential for maintenance of life; death and disease. Components of the homeostatic control loop (feedback loops) • • Negative Feedback: works to oppose change and brings condition back to a set point o Stimulus > Controlled Condition (blood pressure) > Receptors (baroreceptors in certain blood vessels) > Control Center (brain) > Effectors (heart & blood vessels) > Response (decrease in HR) Positive Feedback: works to enhance change and brings condition further away from a set point (ex. Birth) o Stimulus > Controlled Condition (stretching of cervix) > Receptors (stretching of cells in cervix) > Control Center (brain) > Effectors (muscles in wall of uterus) > Response (baby’s body stretches the cervix more) Ch. 2 Acids and bases • • Acids: ionize into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions (negative ions) Bases: dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) and one or more cations (positive ions) and are proton acceptors. pH scale • • • • • Acidity is lower, alkalinity is higher. Scale is 0-14 7 is neutral Gastric fluid, hydrochloric acid is 0 and 1 Over cleaner, sodium hydroxide is 13 and 14 Blood is just over 7 Ch. 3 Tonicity of solutions and their effect on body cells (hypo-, iso-, hypertonic) • Tonicity of a solution relates to how the solution influences the shape of body cells. • Isotonic solution = RBC maintain normal shape • Hypotonic solution = RBC hemolyze • Hypertonic solution = RBC crenate 1