PN3 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE

Cellular regulation is the process of cellular responses in order to undergo reproduction, differentiation, and proliferation. There are many factors that can alter cellular growth and function. To understand this concept there are some term you need to be familiar with:  Neoplasm also referred to as a tumor, is an abnormal mass of cells. A neoplasm can be benign or malignant.  Benign not cancerous; does not metastasize.  Malignant invade and destroy nearby tissues and spread via metastasis.  Metastasis spread of malignant tumor to a location distant to the primary neoplasm. Risk Factors Alteration in cellular regulation can lead to the development of cancer. There are risk factors that promote the development of this life-altering disease process. Some of these factors include:  Age  Heredity  Environment o Pollution o Radiation o Work exposure  Lifestyle o Smoking o Diet o Risky sexual behaviors o Drug use Exemplars When alteration in cellular regulation happens, some of the following disease can develop:  Cancer o Leukemia o Breast cancer o Prostate cancer o Lung cancer o Colon cancer o Skin cancer  Anemia o Sickle cell anemia Treatment Treatment for alteration in cellular regulation can include:  Surgery  Radiation  Chemotherapy  Hormone therapy  Stem Cell transplantation  Complementary and Alternative therapy THE PROCESS OF CHANGING A NORMAL CELL INTO A CANCER CELL IS CALLED MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION THE ORIGINAL TUMOR IS CALLED THE PRIMARY TUMOR AND IS IDENTIFIED BY THE TISSUE FORM WHICH IT ARROSE, SUCH AS IN BREAST CANCER OR LUNG CANCER METASTASIS OCCURS WHEN CANCER CELLS MOVE FROM THE PRIMARY LOCATION BY. BREAKING OFF FORM THE ORIGINAL GROUP AND ESTABLISHING REMOTE COLONIES CALLED METATSTATIC OR SECONDARY TUMORS CANCER CELLS: ANAPLASIA: LOSES ITS SPECIFIC APPEARANCE LARGER THAN NORMAL NUCLEUS POORLY DIFFERENTIATED AND SERVES NO PURPOSE OR FUNCTION DOES NOT BIND TO OTHER CELLS AND CAN MOVE THROUGH BLOOD VESSEL WALLS OR TO OTHER TISSUES (METASTASIZE) HAVE AN UNLIMITED LIFE SPAN AND CONTINUE TO GROW REGARDLESS OF CELLS AROUND IT ABNORMAL # OF CHROMOSOMES MUCOSITIS INFLAMMATION AND ULCERATION OF THE LINING OF THE MOUTH, THROAT, GI TRACT BEGINS WITH DRY MOUTH AND CHAPPED LIPS, PROGRESSES TO PAINFUIL WHITE PATCHES AND ULCERATION RF  LESS THAN 20 YO, HEMATOLOGIC OR HEAD/NECK CA, ORAL DISEASE, CHEMO OR RADIATION THERAPY TX  TOPICAL AGENS (SUCRALFATE, BENADRYL) OR CRYOTHERAPY (ICE CHIPS) AND SOFT LASER THERAPY GOOD ORAL HYGIEN, INCREASE FLUIDS, EAT SOFT FOODS, AVOID ACIDIC OR IRRITATING FOODS, AND COOL/ROOM TEMP ANEMIA HGB < 12 G/dL AND HCT < 36% S&S: FATIGUE, SOB, CHEST PAIN, TACHYCARDIA, HA, PALLOR, MENTAL STATUS CHANGE NEUTROPENIA ABSOLUTE NEUTROPHIL COUNT < 2000/MM 10-14 DAYS AFTER CHEMO IS THE LOWEST POINT MONITOR FOR INFECITON, TEMP, CHJILLS,C OUGH, SOB, SORE THROAT, STOMATITIS REDNESS/SWELLING AROUND BREAKS IN SKIN, CHANGES IN BOWEL, N/V, MALAISE. MOUTH CARE IS VIP AND WASHING THE AXILLARY AND PERANAL REGIONS Q12H THROMBOCYTOPENIA  TRANSFUSE WHEN PLT < 10,000 PLT COUNT <100,000 S&S: BRUISING, FRANK BLEEDING, BLOODY NOSE, PETECHIAL, HEMATURIA BLACK/TARRY STOOLS AVOID IM INJECTIONS MOUTH CARE, SOFT BRISTLED TOOTHBRUSH PREVENT FALLS ELECTRIC SHAVER NO ASA NO CONTACT SPORTS AVOID HARD FOODS EAT ONLY WARM, COOL, OR COLD FOODS TO AVOID BURNING MOUTH TELETHERAPY (EXTERNAL)- RADIATION FROM OUTSIDE OF THE PT PT IS NOT RADIOACTIVE EXACT TUMOR LOCATION IS DETERMINE 1ST AND THEN SKIN IS MARKED PT MUST ALWAYS BE IN SAME POSITION FOR ALL TX NEVER USE OIL AND ONLY USE APPROVED LOTIONS SX: N/V, ABD PAIN, WATERY STOOLS, AND BURNS BRACHYTHERAPY (INTERNAL) RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES ARE ADMIN BY INTERNAL IMPLANTS NEAR THE TUMOR OR WITHIN THE BODY FLUID BY PO/IV ROUTE ALWAYS PLACE IN PRIAVE ROOM WITH A SIGN ON DOOR, LIMIT CONTACT, AT LEAST 6 FT AWAY AT ALL TIME, RADIOACTIVE PROTECTIVE CLOTHING, NO CHILDREN OR PREG RADIOACTIVE UP TO 48 HRS AFTER TX MUST BE CAREFUL AROUND BODILY FLUIDS, PT MAY NEED TO DBL FLUSH SYMP: SWELLING, BLEEDING, AND BURNING. FOR PATIENTS WITH INTERNAL RADIATION LIMIT TIME IN ROOM