Theorists Freud: “Father of psychiatry” Apply concept of Id, Ego and Superego

Theorists: Freud: “Father of psychiatry” Apply concept of Id, Ego and Superego Id: primitive, pleasure seeking part – predominantly sexual pleasure – of our personalities that lurks in the unconscious mind Ego: sense of self and acts as an intermediary between the id and the world by using ego defense mechanisms, such as repression, denial, and rationalization Superego: assigned to those processes that Freud referred to as our conscience – sense of what is right and wrong – and is greatly influence by our parents’ or caregivers’ moral and ethical stances  Sullivan- interpersonal theory o Relationships as basis for mental health or illness o Therapy focuses on here and now and emphasizes relationships. Therapist is an active participant  Pavlov, Watson-Skinner - behavioral o Behavior is learned through conditioning o Behavioral modification addresses maladaptive behaviors by rewarding adaptive behavior  Beck- cognitive o Negative and self- critical thinking causes depression o Cognitive behavioral therapists assist in identifying negative thought patterns and replacing them with rational ones, and often involves homework Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Developed in 1954 by an American psychologist – Abraham Maslow The higher levels, the more distinctly human needs, occupy the top sections of the pyramid. According to Maslow, when lower level needs are met, higher level needs are able to emerge. • Physiological needs. The most basic needs are the physiological drives, including the need for food, oxygen, water, sleep, sex, and a constant body temperature. If all levels in the pyramid were deprived, this level would take priority. • Safety needs. Once physiological needs are met, the safety needs take precedence. The safety needs include security; protection; freedom from fear, anxiety, and chaos; and the need for law, order, and limits. • Belongingness and love needs. People have a need for intimate relationships, love, affection, and belonging and work to overcome loneliness and alienation. Maslow stresses the importance of having a family and a home and being part of identifiable groups. • Esteem needs. People need to have a high self-regard, and have it reflected to them from others. If self-esteem needs are met, we feel confident, valued, and valuable. When self-esteem is compromised, we feel inferior, worthless, and helpless. • Self-actualization. According to Maslow, we are hard-wired to be everything that we are capable of becoming. He said, “What a man can be, he must be.” What we are capable of becoming is highly individual—an artist must paint, a writer must write, and a healer must heal. The drive to satisfy this need is felt as a sort of restlessness, a sense that something is missing. It is up to each person to choose a path that will result in inner peace and fulfillment. Although Maslow’s early work included only five levels of needs, he later took into account two additional factors: (1) cognitive needs (the desire to know and understand) and (2) aesthetic needs (Maslow, 1970). The acquisition of knowledge and the need to understand are inborn and essential. Aesthetic needs result in a craving for beauty and symmetry. Maslow named the sixth level Self-Transcendence. • Self-transcendence is when an individual “seeks to further a cause beyond the self and to experience a communion beyond the boundaries of the self through peak experiences” (Koltko-Rivera, 2006). Self-transcendent experiences are those in which a person experiences a sense of identity that transcends or extends beyond the personal self.